关于猪流感

明月清风

以下是具体内容.总之有症状者要治疗和隔离.有密切接触者或接触者要预防用药.
中文药品名我不知道但是药盒上有英文药名应是一样的
Oseltamivir按治疗量每日   两次                                                 预防量每日一次
Adults         75‐mg capsule twice per day for 5 days         75‐mg capsule once per day
Children (age, 12 months or older), weight:         15 kg or less         60 mg per day divided into 2 doses         30 mg once per day
15–23 kg         90 mg per day divided into 2 doses         45 mg once per day
24–40 kg         120 mg per day divided into 2 doses         60 mg once per day
>40 kg         150 mg per day divided into 2 doses         75 mg once per day
Zanamivir
Adults         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) twice per day         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) once per day
Children         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) twice per day (age, 7 years or older)         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) once per day (age, 5 years or older)



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2009 Flu Info

Add This To Your Web Site!External Web Site Policy.
Pandemic Flu Preparedness and PlanningExternal Web Site Policy.

    *

Interim Guidance on Antiviral Recommendations for Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection and Close Contacts

April 29, 2009 02:45 PM ET

Objective: To provide interim guidance on the use of antiviral agents for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. This includes patients with confirmed, probable or suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection and their close contacts.
Case Definitions for Infection with Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus (S-OIV)

A confirmed case of S-OIV infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness with laboratory confirmed S-OIV infection at CDC by one or more of the following tests:

   1. real-time RT-PCR
   2. viral culture

A probable case of S-OIV infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness who is positive for influenza A, but negative for H1 and H3 by influenza RT-PCR

A suspected case of S-OIV infection is defined as a person with acute febrile respiratory illness with onset

    * within 7 days of close contact with a person who is a confirmed case of S-OIV infection, or
    * within 7 days of travel to community either within the United States or internationally where there are one or more confirmed cases of S-OIV infection, or
    * resides in a community where there are one or more confirmed cases of S-OIV infection.

Infectious period for a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as 1 day prior to the case’s illness onset to 7 days after onset.

Close contact is defined as: within about 6 feet of an ill person who is a confirmed or suspected case of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the case’s infectious period.

Acute respiratory illness is defined as recent onset of at least two of the following: rhinorrhea or nasal congestion, sore throat, cough (with or without fever or feverishness)

High-risk groups: A person who is at high-risk for complications of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as the same for seasonal influenza (see MMWR: Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008).

Special Considerations for Children
Aspirin or aspirin-containing products (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate – Pepto Bismol) should not be administered to any confirmed or suspected ill case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection aged 18 years old and younger due to the risk of Reye syndrome. For relief of fever, other anti-pyretic medications are recommended such as acetaminophen or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Antiviral Resistance

This swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is sensitive (susceptible) to the neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral medications zanamivir and oseltamivir.  It is resistant to the adamantane antiviral medications, amantadine and rimantadine.
Antiviral Treatment

Confirmed, Probable and Suspected Cases of Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection

Recommendations for use of antivirals may change as data on antiviral effectiveness, clinical spectrum of illness, adverse events from antiviral use, and antiviral susceptibility data become available.

Antiviral treatment should be considered for confirmed, probable or suspected cases of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Treatment of hospitalized patients and patients at higher risk for influenza complications should be prioritized.

Only RT-PCR or viral culture can confirm infection with swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus. The test performance of rapid antigen tests and immunofluorescence tests for detection of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus is unknown. Persons who might have swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus and who test positive for influenza A using one of these tests should have confirmatory RT-PCR or viral culture testing to confirm the presence of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus.   A negative rapid antigen or immunofluorescence test cannot be used to rule out swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.

Antiviral treatment with zanamivir or oseltamivir should be initiated as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. Evidence for benefits from treatment in studies of seasonal influenza is strongest when treatment is started within 48 hours of illness onset. However, some studies of treatment of seasonal influenza have indicated benefit, including reductions in mortality or duration of hospitalization even for patients whose treatment was started more than 48 hours after illness onset. Recommended duration of treatment is five days. Recommendations for use of antivirals may change as data on antiviral susceptibilities and effectiveness become available.  Antiviral doses recommended for treatment of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in adults or children 1 year of age or older are the same as those recommended for seasonal influenza (Table 1). Oseltamivir use for children < 1 year old was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), and dosing for these children is age-based (Table 2).

Note: Areas that continue to have seasonal influenza activity, especially those with circulation of oseltamivir-resistant human A (H1N1) viruses, might prefer to use either zanamivir or a combination of oseltamivir and rimantadine or amantadine to provide adequate empiric treatment or chemoprophylaxis for patients who might have human influenza A (H1N1) infection.
Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis

For antiviral chemoprophylaxis of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, either oseltamivir or zanamivir are recommended (Table 1). Duration of antiviral chemoprophylaxis post-exposure is 10 days after the last known exposure to an ill confirmed case of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Post exposure prophylaxis should be considered for contact during the infectious period (e.g., one day before until 7 days after the case’s onset of illness).  If the contact occurred more than 7 days earlier, then prophylaxis is not necessary.  For pre-exposure protection, chemoprophylaxis should be given during the potential exposure period and continued for 10 days after the last known exposure to an ill confirmed case of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Oseltamivir can also be used for chemoprophylaxis under the EUA (Table 3).

Antiviral chemoprophylaxis with either oseltamivir or zanamivir is recommended for the following individuals:

   1. Household close contacts who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women) of a confirmed or probable case.
   2. Health care workers or public health workers who were not using appropriate personal protective equipment during close contact with an ill confirmed, probable, or suspect case of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the case’s infectious period. See guidelines on personal protective equipment.

Antiviral chemoprophylaxis with either oseltamivir or zanamivir can be considered for the following:

   1. Household close contacts who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 years or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women) of a suspected case.
   2. Children attending school or daycare who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (children with certain chronic medical conditions) and who had close contact (face-to-face) with a confirmed, probable, or suspected case.
   3. Health care workers who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, and pregnant women) who are working in an area of the healthcare facility that contains patients with confirmed swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) cases, or who is caring for patients with any acute febrile respiratory illness.
   4. Travelers to Mexico who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women). (Note: A travel warning is currently in effect indicating that nonessential travel to Mexico should be avoided.
   5. First responders who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women) and who are working in areas with confirmed cases of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.

Table 1. Swine-origin influenza antiviral medication dosing recommendations.
(Table extracted from IDSA guidelines for seasonal influenzaExternal Web Site Policy..) Agent, group         Treatment         Chemoprophylaxis
Oseltamivir
Adults         75‐mg capsule twice per day for 5 days         75‐mg capsule once per day
Children (age, 12 months or older), weight:         15 kg or less         60 mg per day divided into 2 doses         30 mg once per day
15–23 kg         90 mg per day divided into 2 doses         45 mg once per day
24–40 kg         120 mg per day divided into 2 doses         60 mg once per day
>40 kg         150 mg per day divided into 2 doses         75 mg once per day
Zanamivir
Adults         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) twice per day         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) once per day
Children         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) twice per day (age, 7 years or older)         Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) once per day (age, 5 years or older)


Children Under 1 Year of Age

Children under one year of age are at high risk for complications from seasonal human influenza virus infections. The characteristics of human infections with swine-origin H1N1 viruses are still being studied, and it is not known whether infants are at higher risk for complications associated with swine-origin H1N1 infection compared to older children and adults.  Limited safety data on the use of oseltamivir (or zanamivir) are available from children less than one year of age, and oseltamivir is not licensed for use in children less than 1 year of age.  Available data come from use of oseltamivir for treatment of seasonal influenza. These data suggest that severe adverse events are rare, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America recently noted, with regard to use of oseltamivir in children younger than 1 year old with seasonal influenza, that "…limited retrospective data on the safety and efficacy of oseltamivir in this young age group have not demonstrated age-specific drug-attributable toxicities to date." (See IDSA guidelines for seasonal influenzaExternal Web Site Policy..)

Because infants typically have high rates of morbidity and mortality from influenza, infants with swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) infections may benefit from treatment using oseltamivir.
Table 2. Dosing recommendations for antiviral treatment of children younger than 1 year using oseltamivir. Age         Recommended treatment dose for 5 days
<3 months         12 mg twice daily
3-5 months         20 mg twice daily
6-11 months         25 mg twice daily
Table 3. Dosing recommendations for antiviral chemoprophylaxis of children younger than 1 year using oseltamivir. Age         Recommended prophylaxis dose for 10 days

<3 months
        Not recommended unless situation judged
critical due to limited data on use in this age group

3-5 months
        20 mg once daily

6-11 months
        25 mg once daily

Healthcare providers should be aware of the lack of data on safety and dosing when considering oseltamivir use in a seriously ill young infant with confirmed swine-origin H1N1 influenza or who has been exposed to a confirmed swine H1N1 case, and carefully monitor infants for adverse events when oseltamivir is used. See additional information on oseltamivir for this age group.
Pregnant Women

Oseltamivir and zanamivir are "Pregnancy Category C" medications, indicating that no clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety of these medications for pregnant women. Because of the unknown effects of influenza antiviral drugs on pregnant women and their fetuses, oseltamivir or zanamivir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the embryo or fetus; the manufacturers' package inserts should be consulted. However, no adverse effects have been reported among women who received oseltamivir or zanamivir during pregnancy or among infants born to women who have received oseltamivir or zanamivir. Pregnancy should not be considered a contraindication to oseltamivir or zanamivir use. Because of its systemic activity, oseltamivir is preferred for treatment of pregnant women.  The drug of choice for prophylaxis is less clear.  Zanamivir may be preferable because of its limited systemic absorption; however, respiratory complications that may be associated with zanamivir because of its inhaled route of administration need to be considered, especially in women at risk for respiratory problems.
Adverse Events and Contraindications

For further information about influenza antiviral medications, including contraindications and adverse effects, please see the following:

    * Antiviral Agents for Seasonal Influenza: Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
    * MMWR: Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008
      MMWR August 8, 2008 / 57(RR07);1-60

Adverse events from influenza antiviral medications should be reported through the U.S. FDA Medwatch websiteExternal Web Site Policy..

    * Links to non-federal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.

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    * Page last reviewed April 29, 2009 02:45 PM ET
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逆风飞扬

谢谢！:pj_040

徊噵簡單

看不懂哇:sms24

锦坤

欢迎楼主新朋友

浅蓝色

原帖由 明月清风 于 2009-5-4 00:25 发表
以下是具体内容.总之有症状者要治疗和隔离.有密切接触者或接触者要预防用药.
中文药品名我不知道但是药盒上有英文药名应是一样的
Oseltamivir按治疗量每日   两次                                           ...

奥塞米韦按治疗量每日两次预防量每日一次
成人75毫克胶囊，每天两次5天75毫克胶囊每天
儿童（年龄， 12个月或以上） ，体重： 15公斤或以下60毫克每天分为2个剂量30毫克，每天一次
15-23千克90毫克每天分为2个剂量45毫克，每天一次
24-40公斤120毫克每天分为2个剂量60毫克，每天一次
“ 40公斤150毫克每天分为2个剂量75毫克，每天一次
扎那米韦
成人两届为期5毫克吸入（共10毫克） ，每天两次两届为期5毫克吸入（ 10 mg总）每天
儿童两届为期5毫克吸入（共10毫克） ，每天两次（年龄， 7岁以上）两个5毫克吸入（ 10 mg总）每天（年龄， 5岁以上）


临时指导抗建议患者证实或怀疑猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒感染和密切接触者

2009年4月29日下午2时45分素

目的：提供临时指导，使用抗病毒药物治疗和化学预防猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。这包括确认患者，可能或疑似猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒感染与他们密切接触。
病例定义为感染猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒（的S - OIV ）

证实的S - OIV感染是指一个人的一种急性发热呼吸道疾病的实验室确认的S - OIV感染疾病预防控制中心的一个或多个以下测试：

    1 。实时RT - PCR检测
    2 。病毒性文化

可能个案的S - OIV感染是指一个人的一种急性发热的呼吸系统疾病，谁是积极的流感，但负面的H1和蛋白H3流感RT - PCR检测

一宗怀疑的S - OIV感染是指一个人与急性发热呼吸道疾病的发病

     *在7天内的密切接触的人谁是确诊病例的S - OIV感染，或
     *在7天内的旅行社区或者在美国或国际上有一个或多个确诊病例的S - OIV感染，或
     *居住在社区，在这里有一个或多个确诊病例的S - OIV感染。

传染期为证实猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染的定义是： 1天之前，案件的病情发作，以发病后7天。

密切接触的定义是：在大约6英尺的病人谁是证实或怀疑案件猪源流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒感染个案中的传染期。

急性呼吸道疾病是指最近发生的至少两个如下：流鼻涕或鼻塞，喉咙痛，咳嗽（有或没有发烧或feverishness ）

高危人群：任何人谁是高风险的并发症猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染的定义是相同的季节性流感（见MMWR ：预防和控制流感：咨询委员会的建议免疫实践（ ACIP ） ， 2008年） 。

特别考虑儿童
阿司匹林或阿司匹林产品（如铋subsalicylate - Pepto Bismol ）管理不应以任何证实或怀疑虐待案件猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染年龄在18岁，由于年轻的风险瑞氏综合征。救济发烧，其他反解热药物治疗建议，如对乙酰氨基酚和非甾体抗炎药。
抗抗

这猪流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒敏感（敏感）的神经氨酸酶抑制剂的抗病毒的药物扎那米韦和奥司他韦。这是抵抗金刚烷抗病毒药品，金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺。
抗病毒治疗

证实，可能和疑似病例猪源流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒感染

建议使用的抗病毒药物可能会改变对抗病毒药物的数据的有效性，临床频谱疾病，不良事件的抗病毒药物的使用，和抗病毒药物的敏感性数据成为可用。

抗病毒治疗，应考虑给予证实，可能或疑似病例猪源流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。住院治疗的患者和患者的高风险流感并发症，应优先。

只有RT - PCR检测或病毒培养证实感染猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）的病毒。测试性能的快速抗原试验和免疫荧光试验检测猪源流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）的病毒是不明。谁的人可能有猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）的病毒，谁试验阳性流行性感冒使用这些试验应确认RT - PCR检测或病毒培养检测，确认存在猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）的病毒。负面快速抗原或免疫荧光试验不能用来排除猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。

抗病毒治疗或奥塞米韦与扎那米韦应尽快开始后出现症状。证据好处治疗的研究是最强烈的季节性流感的治疗开始时，在48小时内发生的疾病。然而，一些研究治疗季节性流感表示获益，包括降低死亡率或住院的患者而言也是其治疗开始超过48小时后病情发作。建议疗程是5天。建议使用的抗病毒药物可能会改变的数据抗病毒药物敏感性和有效性到位。抗病毒药剂推荐治疗猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒感染的成人或儿童1岁或以上的是相同的建议季节性流感（表1 ） 。奥塞米韦用于儿童“ 1岁，最近获得美国食品和药物管理局（ FDA ）根据紧急情况下使用授权（美国） ，和剂量为这些儿童年龄为基础的（见表2 ） 。

注：领域继续有季节性流感的活动，尤其是那些与流通奥塞米韦耐药人类的（ H1N1病毒）的病毒，可能更愿意使用扎那米韦和奥司他韦的组合或金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺提供足够的经验或化学治疗的病人谁可能有人类流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。
抗化学

抗病毒药化学猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染，无论是奥司他韦和扎那米韦的建议（表1 ） 。修读化学的抗病毒药物接触后的10天之后的最后为人所知的接触病人证实感染猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。邮政接触应考虑接触传染性期间内（例如，前一天到后7天的情况下的发病） 。如果接触发生超过7天前，然后预防是没有必要的。对于接触前的保护，化学应考虑在有潜在的暴露期，持续了10天之后的最后为人所知的接触病人证实感染猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。奥塞米韦也可用于化学根据美国（表3 ） 。

化学与抗病毒药物奥司他韦和扎那米韦或者建议以下个人：

    1 。家庭密切接触者谁是高风险的流感并发症（例如，某些慢性病人的医疗条件下，人在65岁以上，儿童年龄小于5岁，和孕妇）的确认或可能的情况下。
    2 。卫生保健工作者或公共卫生工作者谁没有使用适当的个人防护装备在密切接触病人证实，可能或疑似病例猪源流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）病毒感染个案中的传染期。见准则的个人防护装备。

化学与抗病毒药物奥司他韦和扎那米韦或者可以考虑如下：

    1 。家庭密切接触者谁是高风险的流感并发症（例如，某些慢性病人的医疗条件，人65岁以上，儿童的年龄小于5岁，和孕妇）的疑似病例。
    2 。上学的儿童或日托谁是高风险的流感并发症（儿童与某些慢性疾病的条件） ，谁有密切接触（面对面）的确认，有可能，或怀疑个案。
    3 。卫生保健工作者谁是高风险的流感并发症（例如，某些慢性病人的医疗条件下，人在65岁以上，孕妇）谁是工作在一个地区的医疗保健设施，其中包含患者证实猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）的案件，或者谁是照顾病人的任何急性发热呼吸道疾病。
    4 。前往墨西哥谁是高风险的流感并发症（例如，某些慢性病人的医疗条件下，人在65岁以上，儿童年龄小于5岁，和孕妇） 。 （注：旅行警告是目前生效表明不重要前往墨西哥应该避免。
    5 。第一反应谁是高风险的流感并发症（例如，某些慢性病人的医疗条件下，人在65岁以上，儿童年龄小于5岁，和孕妇） ，谁是工作的地区证实感染猪，原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染。

表1 。猪源流感病毒药物剂量建议。
（表提取IDSA准则季节性influenzaExternal网站政策.. ）代理，组化学治疗
奥塞米韦
成人75毫克胶囊，每天两次5天75毫克胶囊每天
儿童（年龄， 12个月或以上） ，体重： 15公斤或以下60毫克每天分为2个剂量30毫克，每天一次
15-23千克90毫克每天分为2个剂量45毫克，每天一次
24-40公斤120毫克每天分为2个剂量60毫克，每天一次
“ 40公斤150毫克每天分为2个剂量75毫克，每天一次
扎那米韦
成人两届为期5毫克吸入（共10毫克） ，每天两次两届为期5毫克吸入（ 10 mg总）每天
儿童两届为期5毫克吸入（共10毫克） ，每天两次（年龄， 7岁以上）两个5毫克吸入（ 10 mg总）每天（年龄， 5岁以上）


孩子一岁以下

一岁以下儿童的年龄正处于高风险的并发症季节性人类流感病毒的感染。的特点，人类感染猪源H1N1病毒目前仍在研究，目前还不清楚是否是婴儿的高风险并发症猪源H1N1病毒感染的老年人相比，儿童和成年人。有限的安全数据的使用情况奥塞米韦（或扎那米韦）可从以下的儿童1岁，并没有授权奥塞米韦用于儿童不到1岁。现有的数据来自使用奥斯他韦治疗季节性流感。这些数据表明，严重的不良事件是罕见的，和传染病协会最近指出，关于使用奥塞米韦岁以下儿童1岁的季节性流感，即“ ...有限追溯数据的安全性和有效性奥塞米韦在这个年轻的年龄组并没有表现出特定年龄药物毒性的原因至今。 “ （见IDSA准则季节性influenzaExternal网站政策.. ）

因为婴儿通常具有高发病率和死亡率由流感，婴儿猪的原产地流行性感冒（ H1N1病毒）感染可能会受益于使用奥斯他韦治疗。
表2 。配料建议抗病毒治疗的儿童超过1年使用奥塞米韦。年龄推荐治疗剂量为5天
“ 3个月12 mg ，每天两次
3-5个月20 mg ，每天两次
6-11个月25 mg ，每天两次
表3 。配料建议抗病毒药化学岁以下儿童的1年使用奥塞米韦。年龄推荐预防剂量为10天

“ 3个月
        不推荐，除非形势判断
关键由于数据有限使用这一年龄组

3-5个月
         20毫克每日一次

6-11个月
         25毫克每日一次

医疗保健机构应当意识到，缺乏数据的安全性和剂量时，考虑使用的奥斯他韦重病婴儿证实年轻猪源H1N1流感或谁已经暴露在确认猪H1N1病毒病例，并仔细监测婴儿的不良反应事件使用时，奥塞米韦。查看更多资料奥塞米韦对这一年龄组。
孕妇

奥司他韦和扎那米韦是“怀孕C类”药物，这表明没有任何临床研究进行了评估的安全，这些药物对孕妇的。由于无法预测的后果流感抗病毒药物，对孕妇和胎儿，奥塞米韦或扎那米韦应该在怀孕期间使用，只有在潜在利益的潜在风险有理由的胚胎或胎儿;制造商的一揽子插入应征求。然而，任何不利影响已报告妇女中谁获得奥塞米韦或扎那米韦在怀孕期间或在婴儿出生的妇女谁收到奥塞米韦或扎那米韦。怀孕不应被视为禁忌奥塞米韦或扎那米韦使用。由于它的系统性活动，奥塞米韦是首选治疗的孕妇。药物预防的选择是不太清楚。扎那米韦可能更为可取，因为其有限的全身吸收;然而，呼吸系统并发症的可能与扎那米韦因为它吸入给药途径需要加以考虑，特别是在妇女的危险呼吸困难。

boluolulu

:pj_040 哇 厉害

hadmeablast

哇，被英文淹死鸟~~

明月清风

哇.你好厉害. 我是在美国做医生的.但打中文太慢.所以没全翻译.咳你是医生吧? 英文如此好.真是钦佩.加我为好友吧.这有我email.

浅蓝色

原帖由 明月清风 于 2009-5-5 12:10 发表
哇.你好厉害. 我是在美国做医生的.但打中文太慢.所以没全翻译.咳你是医生吧? 英文如此好.真是钦佩.加我为好友吧.这有我email.

哇噻！不经意间蒙蔽了一大片啊:lol 罪过！罪过！我只是用了翻译工具进行全文翻译，很快，分把钟吧，之后删除了一些自认为不太有用的内容，仅此而已。谢谢抬爱。但愿不致在知道真相后让你难过:handshake
语言工具 http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=zh-CN

[ 本帖最后由 浅蓝色 于 2009-5-5 22:30 编辑 ]